Mammatus Clouds

Mammatus Clouds

These amazing images are of Mammatus clouds which create an amazing illusion effect.

Mammatus clouds appearance can sometimes be deceiving, as they often appear to be heavy and ominous, leading people to believe that they are a sign of severe weather or other dangerous conditions.

If you are interested in learning more about Mammatus Clouds, scroll down to read more about them.

Mammatus Clouds
Mammatus Clouds
Mammatus Clouds
Mammatus Clouds


Table of Contents

What are Mammatus Clouds and What is the Mammatus Clouds Illusion?

Mammatus clouds are a type of cloud formation that appear as a series of rounded, pouch-like structures that hang beneath the base of a larger cloud. The term “mammatus” comes from the Latin word for “breast” or “udder,” and refers to the cloud’s distinctive appearance, which resembles the underside of a cow’s udder.

Mammatus clouds are typically associated with thunderstorms and other severe weather events, and are most commonly observed in the mid-latitudes of the Americas, Europe, and Asia. They can form in a variety of different cloud types, including cumulonimbus, altostratus, and stratocumulus clouds, and can be caused by a variety of different atmospheric conditions, including atmospheric instability, updrafts, and downdrafts.

Despite their association with severe weather, mammatus clouds are generally not considered dangerous or harmful. In fact, they are often viewed as a fascinating and beautiful natural phenomenon, and have been the subject of numerous photographs and artistic interpretations.

Their appearance can sometimes be deceiving, as they often appear to be heavy and ominous, leading people to believe that they are a sign of severe weather or other dangerous conditions. In reality, Mammatus clouds are typically associated with dissipating storms or other weather systems that are moving away from an area, rather than approaching it. While they can indicate the presence of thunderstorm activity, they do not necessarily indicate that severe weather is imminent, and are often simply a fascinating and visually striking aspect of the natural world.

How do the Mammatus Clouds Work?

Mammatus clouds are formed by the sinking of cold, dense air within a cloud. This sinking air creates a downward motion within the cloud, which causes the cloud’s upper regions to spread out and the lower regions to sink down into rounded, pouch-like structures. The sinking motion within the cloud can be caused by a variety of atmospheric factors, including cooling of the upper atmosphere, changes in wind speed and direction, and other factors that cause the air within the cloud to become unstable.

The distinctive shape is caused by the sinking air pushing down on the cloud’s underside, which creates the rounded, pouch-like structures. These structures can vary in size and shape, and can sometimes be quite dramatic and visually striking. While Mammatus clouds are most commonly associated with thunderstorms and other severe weather, they can also form in other types of clouds, and are often viewed as a fascinating and beautiful aspect of the natural world.

Some Similar Illusions and Phenomena

There are several natural phenomena that can create similar illusions to Mammatus clouds and the Mammatus clouds Illusion:

  1. Asperitas Clouds: These are clouds that have a wavy, undulating appearance, similar to Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds. However, unlike Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds, which are caused by shear between two layers of air, undulatus asperatus clouds are formed by chaotic, turbulent air currents.
  2. Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds: These are cloud formations that appear as series of parallel, horizontal waves or ripples, similar to Asperitas clouds. They are caused by a combination of wind shear and turbulence and are often seen at the top of the atmosphere where different layers of air meet.
  3. Crepuscular rays: Also known as “God rays,” these are shafts of sunlight that appear to radiate out from the sun and create the appearance of pillars of light or rays of divine light.
  4. Fata Morgana: This is a type of mirage that appears as a series of distorted, vertical columns of light that appear to be floating in the air. Fata Morgana is caused by the bending of light rays as they pass through layers of air with different temperatures and densities.
  5. Morning Glory clouds can create an optical illusion because of their distinctive appearance. The rolling waves and gaps can create the impression of a long, cigar-shaped cloud floating in the sky.

All of these natural phenomena can create stunning and surreal illusions that inspire awe and wonder in those who witness them.

Discovery of Mammatus Clouds

Mammatus clouds are a natural meteorological phenomenon, and as such, they were not “discovered” by any one person or group. Rather, they have been observed and documented by meteorologists and other scientists for many years.

However, the distinctive appearance of Mammatus clouds has been noted and described by many people throughout history, and they have been the subject of numerous artistic and literary works. It is difficult to say who first observed and described Mammatus clouds, as they have likely been a part of the natural world for as long as there have been people to observe them.


References and Resources

In addition to Mammatus Clouds, check out our complete list of illusions and if interested in learning more about clouds, check out the Cloud Appreciation Society.

Morning Glory Cloud Illusion

Morning Glory Cloud Illusion

These amazing images are of Morning Glory Clouds which create an amazing illusion effect.

Morning Glory clouds can create an optical illusion because of their distinctive appearance. The rolling waves and gaps can create the impression of a long, cigar-shaped cloud floating in the sky.

If you are interested in learning more about Morning Glory Clouds and Morning Glory Cloud Illusions, scroll down to read more about them.

Morning Glory Cloud Illusion
Morning Glory Cloud Illusion
Morning Glory Cloud Illusion
Morning Glory Cloud Illusion


Table of Contents

What are Morning Glory Clouds and What is the Morning Glory Cloud Illusion?

Morning Glory clouds are a rare meteorological phenomenon that occur in some parts of the world, particularly in the Gulf of Carpentaria in Northern Australia. These clouds are long, cigar-shaped clouds that can stretch for hundreds of kilometers across the sky, and are often accompanied by strong winds and rapid changes in temperature and humidity.

Morning Glory clouds are formed by a combination of atmospheric conditions, including the convergence of two air masses with different temperatures and moisture content, and a stable layer of air that acts as a “waveguide” to allow the cloud to maintain its shape and move forward at a steady speed.

For many years, Morning Glory clouds were known only to a few local residents and indigenous people in the Gulf of Carpentaria region, but in recent years they have become a popular attraction for glider pilots and other aviation enthusiasts, who have developed techniques for flying through the clouds and “surfing” the wave of air that accompanies them.

Despite their beauty and appeal to adventurers, Morning Glory clouds can also be dangerous, as they are often associated with severe weather conditions such as thunderstorms and strong winds. As a result, it is important for pilots and other observers to take appropriate precautions when flying or observing these rare and fascinating meteorological phenomena.

Morning Glory clouds can appear to be an illusion because they often appear to be floating in the sky with no visible means of support. In reality, however, they are the result of complex interactions between different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere and can be explained by the principles of fluid dynamics and atmospheric physics.

The cigar-shaped appearance of the cloud is due to a series of rolling waves that form in the atmosphere, creating a pattern of rising and falling air masses. As air flows over the top of each wave, it cools and condenses into a cloud, while the descending air on the other side of the wave creates a gap or “hole” in the cloud.

From a distance, the rolling waves and gaps can create the impression of a long, cigar-shaped cloud floating in the sky. However, this is not an illusion in the sense of being a trick or deception, but rather a natural phenomenon that can be explained and understood through scientific principles.

How does the Morning Glory Cloud Work?

Morning Glory clouds and the Morning Glory cloud illusion are formed by a combination of meteorological conditions that create a series of atmospheric waves. These waves can be triggered by a number of factors, including wind patterns, temperature gradients, and the interaction of different air masses.

As warm, moist air rises and cools, it can condense into clouds, which can then be pushed along by the prevailing winds. In the case of Morning Glory clouds, however, the clouds are formed on the crests of rolling waves in the atmosphere, which can be many kilometers long and several hundred meters high.

These waves are created by a process known as atmospheric gravity waves, which occur when air is displaced vertically in the atmosphere, creating a ripple effect that propagates horizontally across the sky. The waves can be triggered by a variety of factors, including temperature changes, pressure gradients, and topographical features such as mountains or coastlines.

As the wave passes through the atmosphere, it creates areas of rising and sinking air, which can cause moisture in the air to condense into clouds. The cloud forms at the crest of the wave and moves forward with it, while the air behind the wave sinks and warms up, causing the cloud to evaporate.

The result is a rolling cloud formation that can stretch for hundreds of kilometers across the sky, and is often accompanied by strong winds and rapid changes in temperature and humidity. Despite their beauty, Morning Glory clouds can also be dangerous for pilots and other aviators, who must take precautions to avoid turbulence and other hazards associated with these unique meteorological phenomena.

Some Similar Illusions and Phenomena

There are several natural phenomena that can create similar illusions to Morning Glory Clouds and the Morning Glory Cloud Illusion:

  1. Mammatus clouds: These are pouch-like cloud formations that appear as bulges or sacks that hang underneath the base of a larger cloud. They are often associated with thunderstorms and can give the appearance of a series of upside-down bubbles.
  2. Crepuscular rays: Also known as “God rays,” these are shafts of sunlight that appear to radiate out from the sun and create the appearance of pillars of light or rays of divine light.
  3. Fata Morgana: This is a type of mirage that appears as a series of distorted, vertical columns of light that appear to be floating in the air. Fata Morgana is caused by the bending of light rays as they pass through layers of air with different temperatures and densities.
  4. Asperitas Clouds: These are clouds that have a wavy, undulating appearance, similar to Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds. However, unlike Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds, which are caused by shear between two layers of air, undulatus asperatus clouds are formed by chaotic, turbulent air currents.
  5. Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds: These are clouds that form when two air masses with different velocities or densities slide past each other, creating a wave-like pattern on the surface of the cloud. The clouds can take on a similar rolling appearance to Morning Glory clouds, but are typically smaller and less well-defined.
  6. Lenticular clouds: These are lens-shaped clouds that form over mountain ranges or other topographical features, and are often associated with strong winds and turbulence. They can take on a variety of shapes, including saucer-like or wave-like formations, and can appear stationary or move rapidly across the sky.
  7. Fire whirls: These are swirling columns of fire that can form during wildfires or other high-temperature events, and are caused by a combination of strong winds and convective heating. They can take on a similar shape to Morning Glory clouds, but are typically smaller and much more dangerous.

These phenomena all demonstrate the complex interplay between fluid dynamics, atmospheric physics, and other environmental factors that can give rise to fascinating and beautiful natural illusions.

Discovery of the Morning Glory Cloud Illusion

The origins of the term “Morning Glory” to describe the cloud formation are unclear, but it is believed to have been coined by Australian pilots who first observed the phenomenon in the 1940s. However, the clouds were likely known to Indigenous Australians and other residents of the region long before they were observed by Western scientists.

The first scientific study of Morning Glory clouds was conducted in the 1960s by Australian meteorologist Neil T. Ward, who used radar and other instruments to study the formation and behavior of the clouds. Since then, the phenomenon has been studied by scientists around the world, and has become a popular subject of research in the fields of meteorology, fluid dynamics, and atmospheric physics. While no one person can be credited with “discovering” the Morning Glory clouds, their unique beauty and complexity continue to fascinate and inspire people around the world.

Morning Glory Cloud Fun Facts

In addition to the Morning Glory Cloud illusion, here are some interesting facts about Morning Glory clouds:

  1. Morning Glory clouds are most commonly observed over the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia, but have also been reported in other parts of the world, including the United States, Europe, and Asia.
  2. The cloud formations can stretch for hundreds of kilometers and reach heights of up to 2 kilometers.
  3. The waves that create the clouds can travel at speeds of up to 60 kilometers per hour.
  4. Morning Glory clouds are most commonly observed during the fall months in Australia, when the temperature and humidity conditions are most favorable.
  5. The clouds can be dangerous for pilots and other aviators, as they can create severe turbulence and other hazards.
  6. In some cases, the rolling waves that create Morning Glory clouds can also trigger other meteorological phenomena, such as thunderstorms and tornadoes.
  7. Morning Glory clouds have been the subject of numerous scientific studies and research papers, and continue to be a popular topic of study in the fields of atmospheric science and fluid dynamics.
  8. Some Indigenous Australian cultures have their own legends and stories about the Morning Glory clouds, and view them as a powerful and mystical force in the natural world.
  9. While they are often described as an “illusion,” Morning Glory clouds are a very real and complex meteorological phenomenon that result from the interaction of many different environmental factors.


References and Resources

In addition to the Morning Glory Clouds Illusion, check out our complete list of illusions.

Morning Glory Cloud Illusion

Asperitas Cloud Illusion

Asperitas Cloud Illusion

These amazing images are of Asperitas Clouds which create an amazing illusion effect.

Asperitas clouds can create a mesmerizing and otherworldly appearance, which appears like an illusion. Their undulating, wave-like forms and dark, ominous appearance can give the impression of a chaotic, churning sea or a surreal landscape, depending on the viewer’s interpretation.

If you are interested in learning more about Asperitas Cloud illusions, scroll down to read more about them.

Asperitas Cloud Illusion
Asperitas Cloud Illusion
Asperitas Cloud Illusion
Asperitas Cloud Illusion


Table of Contents

What are Asperitas Clouds and What is the Asperitas Cloud Illusion?

Asperitas clouds, also known as undulatus asperatus, are a type of cloud formation that was only recently officially recognized in 2017 by the World Meteorological Organization. These clouds are characterized by their wavy, undulating appearance that looks like ripples on the surface of the sea, and they often have a dark and ominous appearance.

Asperitas clouds can form in any part of the world, but they are most commonly seen in the mid-latitudes, particularly over the ocean. They are usually associated with thunderstorms and other stormy weather conditions, although they can also occur in isolation.

Despite their dramatic appearance, the formation of Asperitas clouds is still not fully understood by meteorologists, and they remain a relatively rare and enigmatic cloud type. However, they are considered to be a valuable addition to the cloud classification system, as they help to expand our understanding of the many different ways that the atmosphere can create stunning and awe-inspiring cloud formations.

Asperitas clouds can create a mesmerizing and otherworldly appearance, which some people might describe as an illusion- the Asperitas Cloud Illusion. Their undulating, wave-like forms and dark, ominous appearance can give the impression of a chaotic, churning sea or a surreal landscape, depending on the viewer’s interpretation.

The mesmerizing appearance of Asperitas clouds is due to the complex interplay of atmospheric conditions that cause their distinctive shape and movement. These conditions can include variations in wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, and air pressure, all of which can influence the way that the clouds form and move.

While the appearance of Asperitas clouds might be considered an illusion in some sense, it’s important to note that they are a real and natural phenomenon. They are a testament to the incredible diversity and beauty of the Earth’s atmosphere, and a reminder of the many mysteries and wonders that are still waiting to be explored and understood.

How does the Asperitas Cloud Illusion Work?

The formation of Asperitas clouds and the Asperitas Cloud Illusion is still not fully understood by meteorologists, but it is believed to be related to a combination of atmospheric factors that create an undulating, wave-like appearance.

One theory is that Asperitas clouds are formed by the interaction of different layers of air with varying temperatures, wind speeds, and moisture levels. When these layers of air meet, they can create a turbulent, chaotic flow that causes the clouds to undulate and move in a wave-like pattern.

Another theory is that Asperitas clouds are formed by gravity waves, which are waves that propagate through the atmosphere due to changes in air pressure caused by disturbances in the lower atmosphere. These waves can create vertical motions in the air that can cause the clouds to rise and fall, creating the undulating, wave-like appearance that characterizes Asperitas clouds.

Despite ongoing research, the exact mechanisms behind the formation of Asperitas clouds remain somewhat mysterious, but they are believed to be a natural and fascinating result of the complex interactions between different layers of air in the atmosphere.

Some Similar Illusions and Phenomena

There are several natural phenomena that can create similar illusions to Asperitas clouds and the Asperitas Cloud Illusion:

  1. Mammatus clouds: These are pouch-like cloud formations that appear as bulges or sacks that hang underneath the base of a larger cloud. They are often associated with thunderstorms and can give the appearance of a series of upside-down bubbles.
  2. Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds: These are cloud formations that appear as series of parallel, horizontal waves or ripples, similar to Asperitas clouds. They are caused by a combination of wind shear and turbulence and are often seen at the top of the atmosphere where different layers of air meet.
  3. Crepuscular rays: Also known as “God rays,” these are shafts of sunlight that appear to radiate out from the sun and create the appearance of pillars of light or rays of divine light.
  4. Fata Morgana: This is a type of mirage that appears as a series of distorted, vertical columns of light that appear to be floating in the air. Fata Morgana is caused by the bending of light rays as they pass through layers of air with different temperatures and densities.
  5. Morning Glory clouds can create an optical illusion because of their distinctive appearance. The rolling waves and gaps can create the impression of a long, cigar-shaped cloud floating in the sky.

All of these natural phenomena can create stunning and surreal illusions that inspire awe and wonder in those who witness them.

Discovery of the Asperitas Cloud Illusion

Asperitas clouds were first photographed by a man named Gavin Pretor-Pinney in 2006, who was the founder of the Cloud Appreciation Society. He captured images of the unusual cloud formation over the skies of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in the United States.

After seeing these photographs, many other people came forward with their own sightings of similar cloud formations, and the Cloud Appreciation Society began campaigning for Asperitas clouds to be recognized as a new type of cloud. In 2015, the society submitted a formal application to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for Asperitas clouds to be added to the International Cloud Atlas, which is the official global reference for cloud classification.

In 2017, the WMO officially recognized Asperitas clouds as a new type of cloud formation, giving them the Latin name “Undulatus Asperatus.” This was the first new cloud type to be added to the International Cloud Atlas in over 60 years. The recognition of Asperitas clouds as a distinct cloud type is largely thanks to the efforts of Gavin Pretor-Pinney and the Cloud Appreciation Society, who helped to bring attention to this unusual and captivating cloud formation.


References and Resources

In addition to the Asperitas Cloud Illusion, check out our complete list of illusions.

Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion

Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion

The Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion occurs during the rainy season (usually from January to April), when a thin layer of water covers the salt flats, creating a perfect reflection of the sky and clouds above. This creates a breathtaking and surreal illusion of a never-ending sky and creates the appearance of floating islands. This effect is so striking that it often seems as if there is no horizon, and the sky and earth blend seamlessly into each other.

If you are interested in learning more about the Bolivia Salt Flats and the Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion, scroll down to read more about it.

Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion
Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion
Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion
Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion


Table of Contents – Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion

What is the Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion?

One of the most famous illusions at the Bolivia Salt Flats is the optical illusion of the “mirror effect”. During the rainy season (usually from January to April), a thin layer of water covers the salt flats, creating a perfect reflection of the sky and clouds above. This creates a breathtaking and surreal illusion of a never-ending sky and creates the appearance of floating islands. This effect is so striking that it often seems as if there is no horizon, and the sky and earth blend seamlessly into each other.

This mirror effect is a popular attraction for tourists and photographers, who often visit during the rainy season to capture stunning photos of this surreal landscape. The optical illusion is even more impressive during sunrise and sunset when the colors of the sky are reflected on the salt flats, creating an otherworldly atmosphere.

How does the Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion work?

The illusion of the “mirror effect” at the Bolivia Salt Flats is created due to a phenomenon called a “reflection”. When light hits a smooth and reflective surface, such as the thin layer of water on the salt flats, it bounces off at an angle that is equal to the angle of incidence (i.e., the angle at which the light hits the surface).

In the case of the Bolivia Salt Flats, the thin layer of water on the surface creates a nearly perfect mirror, reflecting the sky and clouds above. This creates the illusion that the sky and the ground are one continuous surface, and the horizon disappears from view.

Additionally, the clear and dry air of the high altitude of the salt flats enhances the sharpness and clarity of the reflected image, adding to the surreal effect.

It’s worth noting that the mirror effect is only visible during the rainy season when there is a thin layer of water on the salt flats. During the dry season, the salt flats appear as a vast expanse of white, flat surface with a few distant mountains in the background.

Some Similar Illusions

There are several similar illusions to the Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion. Here are a few examples:

  1. Reflective surfaces: Any smooth and reflective surface, such as a calm lake, can create a mirror effect similar to the Bolivia Salt Flats. The reflection of the surrounding landscape in the water can create the illusion of a doubled or upside-down image, making it seem like you’re looking at a different world.
  2. Infinity rooms: Infinity rooms are an art installation that creates the illusion of infinite space. The walls, floor, and ceiling of the room are covered with mirrors, creating an endless reflection of the same image. This creates a disorienting effect, as it’s difficult to tell where the space ends and begins.
  3. Anamorphic illusions: Anamorphic illusions are distorted images that appear to be three-dimensional when viewed from a certain angle. These illusions are often painted on flat surfaces, such as walls or floors, and use perspective to create the illusion of depth.
  4. Mirage: A mirage is a natural phenomenon that creates the illusion of an object or water appearing where it does not exist. This occurs when light is refracted through hot air, creating a distorted image that appears to be a reflection of the real object or water.

Fun Facts about the Bolivia Salt Flats

The Bolivia Salt Flats, also known as Salar de Uyuni, is the world’s largest salt flat located in the Potosi and Oruro departments in southwest Bolivia. It covers an area of over 10,000 square kilometers (4,000 square miles) and is located at an elevation of around 3,656 meters (11,995 feet) above sea level.

The Salt Flats were formed as a result of a prehistoric lake that evaporated, leaving behind a vast expanse of salt that has been shaped into a unique landscape of salt flats, salt crusts, and salt-covered islands. The area is also known for its unique geological formations, hot springs, and geysers.

The Bolivia Salt Flats are a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from all over the world. The area is particularly famous for its stunning sunsets and reflections, making it a popular spot for photography. Tourists can also visit nearby villages and experience the local culture and traditions.

In addition to the Bolivia Salt Flats illusion, here are some interesting facts about them:

  1. The Bolivia Salt Flats are the largest salt flats in the world, covering an area of over 10,000 square kilometers (4,000 square miles).
  2. The salt flats are located in the Andes Mountains at an altitude of 3,656 meters (11,995 feet) above sea level.
  3. The salt flats are estimated to contain between 9 and 22 billion tons of salt.
  4. The salt flats were formed as a result of the evaporation of a prehistoric lake, which left behind a vast expanse of salt.
  5. The salt flats are home to a variety of unique flora and fauna, including the pink flamingos that live in the nearby lagoons.
  6. The salt flats are a major source of salt and lithium, which is used in the production of batteries for electric cars.
  7. During the rainy season (usually from January to April), a thin layer of water covers the salt flats, creating a mirror effect that is a popular attraction for tourists and photographers.
  8. The salt flats have been used as a location for several movies, including the recent Star Wars movie “The Last Jedi”.
  9. The salt flats are a popular location for adventure tourism, including off-road driving, hiking, and mountain biking.
  10. The Bolivia Salt Flats are considered one of the most surreal and otherworldly landscapes on Earth, attracting visitors from all over the world who come to experience its unique beauty and charm.


References and Resources

In addition to the Bolivia Salt Flats illusion, check out our complete list of illusions.

Bolivia Salt Flats Illusion

Pencils Illusion

Pencils Illusion

Check out this curious Pencils Illusion! Try counting the number of pencil tips, and then count the number of erasers. Pretty cool, huh?

This is an example of an impossible shape illusion. If you are interested in learning more about how impossible shape illusions like the Pencils Illusion work, scroll down to read more about it.

Pencils Illusion


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What is the Pencils Illusion?

The pencils illusion is an impossible shape illusions which is a type of optical illusion that creates the impression of a three-dimensional object that is impossible to construct in the real world. These illusions take advantage of the way our brain processes visual information to create the impression of a shape that defies logic and the laws of physics.

One of the most famous examples of an impossible shape illusion is the Penrose triangle, also known as the impossible triangle. This illusion creates the impression of a triangle with three sides that seem to connect in a way that is impossible in three-dimensional space. The Penrose triangle was first created by mathematician Roger Penrose and later popularized by artist M.C. Escher.

Other examples of impossible shape illusions include the impossible staircase, the impossible cube, and the impossible trident. In each of these illusions, the shapes appear to be three-dimensional, but upon closer inspection, they reveal inconsistencies or contradictions that make them impossible to construct in reality.

Impossible shape illusions are fascinating because they demonstrate the power of our visual system to create a sense of depth and three-dimensional space, even when the information we’re seeing is contradictory or impossible. They challenge our assumptions about what is possible and demonstrate the creative potential of visual illusions.

How does the Pencils Illusion Work?

Impossible shape illusions, like the pencils illusion, work by taking advantage of the way our brains interpret visual information and perceive three-dimensional space. These illusions create the impression of a three-dimensional object that is impossible to construct in the real world, such as a staircase that seems to go both up and down at the same time, or a cube with edges that don’t connect properly.

One way that impossible shape illusions work is by using ambiguous or conflicting visual cues that make it difficult for our brains to determine the orientation or position of the object. For example, the Penrose triangle illusion uses a combination of angles and shading to create the impression of a three-dimensional object that appears to connect in an impossible way. Our brain tries to interpret the visual cues and create a sense of depth and perspective, but the contradictory information creates a sense of confusion or ambiguity that can’t be resolved.

Another way that impossible shape illusions work is by exploiting our brain’s tendency to make assumptions and fill in gaps in information. When we see a shape that appears to be three-dimensional, our brain assumes that it must have a consistent and logical structure, even if the visual cues suggest otherwise. This can lead us to interpret impossible shapes as if they were real, even though we know on some level that they are not.

Impossible shape illusions, like the pencils illusion, are a fascinating example of how our brains can be tricked by visual information, and how our perceptions can be influenced by the relationships between objects in an image. They challenge our assumptions about what is possible and demonstrate the creative potential of visual illusions.

Some Similar Illusions

There are many similar illusions to the impossible shape illusions like the pencils illusion that use visual cues to create the impression of three-dimensional objects that are impossible to construct in reality. Here are a few examples:

  1. Impossible figures: These are similar to impossible shapes, but instead of creating the impression of a solid object, they create the impression of a figure or silhouette that is impossible to construct in three-dimensional space. Examples include the impossible elephant and the impossible arrow.
  2. Ambiguous figures: These are illusions that use visual cues that can be interpreted in multiple ways, creating the impression of an object that can be seen in more than one way. Examples include the Necker cube and the Rubin vase.
  3. Anamorphic illusions: These are illusions that use distortion or perspective to create the impression of a three-dimensional object that is only recognizable when viewed from a specific angle or distance. Examples include the anamorphic street art and the Ames room illusion.
  4. Tilted objects: These are illusions that use the orientation of objects to create the impression of a three-dimensional object that appears to defy gravity or be oriented in an impossible way. Examples include the tilted room and the tilted chair illusion.

All of these illusions demonstrate the creative potential of visual perception and challenge our assumptions about what is possible in three-dimensional space. They are fascinating examples of how our brains can be tricked by visual information, and how our perceptions can be influenced by the relationships between objects in an image.

Discovery of the Pencils Illusion

The concept of impossible shape illusions like the the pencils illusion has been around for a long time, but the first person to popularize them was the Dutch artist M.C. Escher. Escher is famous for his intricate and complex drawings and prints that feature impossible shapes, such as the impossible triangle, the impossible cube, and the impossible staircase. He used these illusions to explore the relationships between space, geometry, and perception, and his work has inspired generations of artists and mathematicians.

It’s worth noting that while Escher popularized impossible shapes in the context of art and design, the concept of impossible figures had already been studied by mathematicians such as Roger Penrose and Lionel Penrose. In fact, the Penroses created the first impossible triangle in 1958, several years before Escher’s famous prints featuring the same shape. However, Escher’s work brought these illusions to a wider audience and helped to popularize the idea of impossible shapes as a fascinating and creative concept.


References and Resources

In addition to the Pencils Illusion, Check out our complete list of illusions.

Pencils Illusion

Sorvagsvatn Lake Illusion

Sorvagsvatn Lake Illusion

The Sorvagsvatn Lake Illusion also known as “Lake over the Ocean,” is an optical illusion that makes it appear as though a lake is floating high above the ocean. In reality, the lake, called Lake Sørvágsvatn, is situated on the island of Vágar in the Faroe Islands, and it is just a few meters above sea level.

Another factor that contributes to the illusion is the difference in color between the lake and the ocean. The lake is a darker color than the ocean, which creates a contrast that makes the lake appear to be floating.

The Sorvagsvatn lake illusion is created by a combination of perspective and contrast, which make it appear as though a lake is floating high above the ocean.

If you are interested, scroll down to learn more about it.

Sorvagsvatn Lake Illusion


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What is the Sorvagsvatn lake?

Sorvagsvatn is a lake located on the island of Vagar in the Faroe Islands, which is an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean.

The lake is situated on a cliff that is about 30 meters above sea level and surrounded by rugged terrain and steep cliffs. The lake has a unique shape, with two distinct sections connected by a narrow channel.

The western section is larger and deeper than the eastern section, which is shallower and more elongated. The lake is fed by several small streams that flow into it from the surrounding hills, and it has no visible outlet. Instead, it drains into the ocean through underground channels.

The lake is situated near the airport on the island of Vagar and is part of the Vágar Island Tourist Information Centre’s hiking trail network. Visitors can hike to the edge of the cliff overlooking the lake to take in the stunning view, which includes rolling hills, grassy meadows, and the ocean in the distance.

Sorvagsvatn is a natural wonder and one of the must-visit destinations in the Faroe Islands, with its unique geography and stunning optical illusion that makes it appear as if the lake is floating above the sea.

How does the Sorvagsvatn lake illusion work?

The Sorvagsvatn Lake Illusion also known as “Lake over the Ocean,” is an optical illusion that makes it appear as though a lake is floating high above the ocean. In reality, the lake, called Lake Sørvágsvatn, is situated on the island of Vágar in the Faroe Islands, and it is just a few meters above sea level.

Another factor that contributes to the illusion is the difference in color between the lake and the ocean. The lake is a darker color than the ocean, which creates a contrast that makes the lake appear to be floating.

The Sorvagsvatn lake illusion is created by a combination of perspective and contrast, which make it appear as though a lake is floating high above the ocean.

Some Similar Illusions

There are several other illusions that involve perspective and visual cues that make objects appear larger or smaller, closer or farther away, or even floating or levitating. Here are a few examples:

  1. Forced perspective illusion: This illusion uses the principles of perspective to create an optical illusion that makes objects appear larger or smaller than they really are. For example, a person standing closer to the camera can appear much larger than a person standing farther away, even if they are actually the same size.
  2. Ames room illusion: In this illusion, a trapezoidal room is built with a false back wall, which makes one corner of the room appear much farther away than the other. This creates the illusion that two people of the same size can be drastically different in height, depending on where they are standing in the room.
  3. Floating cube illusion: This illusion uses a combination of perspective and shading to make a flat image of a cube appear three-dimensional and floating above a surface.
  4. Penrose stairs illusion: Also known as the “impossible staircase,” this illusion uses the principles of perspective and geometry to create a staircase that appears to loop back on itself, creating an impossible structure.

These are just a few examples of the many optical illusions that use perspective, contrast, and other visual cues to trick our brains into perceiving things in unexpected ways.


References and Resources

In addition to the Sorvagsvatn lake illusion, check out these Sorvagsvatn Fun Facts and Check out our complete list of illusions.

Sorvagsvatn Lake Illusion

Floating Boat Illusion

Floating Boat Illusion

The Floating Boat Illusion occurs when the water is exceptionally clear and calm, creating an optical illusion that makes a boat look as if it is floating in mid-air or hovering above the water’s surface.

This illusion is caused by the refraction of light, which makes objects appear to be in a different position than they actually are. The refraction occurs because light travels at different speeds through different media, such as air and water, and changes direction as it passes through the water’s surface.

As a result, the image of the boat appears to be displaced and elevated above its actual position.. If you are interested in learning more about the illusion, scroll down to read more about it.

Floating Boat Illusion


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What is the Floating Boat Illusion?

The floating boat illusion, also known as the ghost boat illusion, is a phenomenon that occurs when a boat appears to be floating above the surface of the water, even though it is actually sitting in the water.

This illusion occurs when the water is exceptionally clear and calm, allowing light to pass through the surface of the water without much refraction.

As a result, the image of the boat appears to be displaced and elevated above its actual position, creating the illusion that the boat is floating in mid-air.

This effect can be quite convincing and can be difficult to distinguish from actual levitation without closer inspection.

How does the Floating Boat Illusion Work?

The floating boat illusion, also known as the ghost boat illusion, occurs due to the phenomenon of refraction. Refraction is the bending of light when it passes through a medium of different density, such as from air to water.

When light passes through the surface of water at an angle, it slows down and changes direction, which can cause the image of an object to appear displaced from its actual position. This is because the light rays from the object are refracted as they enter the water and again as they leave the water and enter the air, causing the image to be distorted.

In the case of the floating boat illusion, the water is so clear and still that the refraction of light is minimal, making the boat’s image appear to be floating above the water’s surface. This effect is enhanced by the fact that our brains are used to seeing boats sitting on the water’s surface, so the elevated appearance of the boat in the water creates a perceptual illusion that the boat is floating above the water. The illusion can be so convincing that it can be difficult to tell whether the boat is actually floating or not without further inspection.

Some Similar Illusions

There are many different types of optical illusions, including several that are similar to the floating boat illusion. Here are a few examples:

  1. Mirages: Mirages occur when light is refracted by hot air near the ground, creating the appearance of water or objects in the distance. This illusion is often seen in deserts, where the air near the ground can be much hotter than the air above.
  2. Fata Morgana: Fata Morgana is a type of mirage that appears as a complex, distorted image of an object or landscape. This illusion occurs when light is refracted by layers of air with different temperatures, creating multiple images that are stacked on top of each other.
  3. Haze: Haze is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when tiny particles in the air scatter light and make distant objects appear hazy or indistinct. This can create the illusion that objects are farther away than they actually are.
  4. Superior mirage: Superior mirages occur when the temperature of the air near the ground is colder than the air above. This can cause light to refract upward, creating the appearance that objects are floating above their actual position.
  5. The Moon illusion: The Moon illusion occurs when the Moon appears larger when it is near the horizon than when it is higher in the sky. This illusion is caused by a combination of factors, including the fact that our brains use the size of nearby objects as a reference point for estimating the size of more distant objects.

Discovery of the Illusion

The floating boat illusion, also known as the ghost boat illusion, is not attributed to any particular discoverer or inventor.

Rather, it is a well-known optical illusion that has been observed by many people over time.

The phenomenon is likely to have been noticed by individuals who spent time near clear and calm bodies of water, such as fishermen or sailors, long before it was formally studied or given a name.

The floating boat illusion is now widely recognized and studied by scientists and researchers interested in the science of perception and optical illusions.


References and Resources

In addition to the Floating Boat Illusion, Check out our complete list of illusions.

Floating Boat Illusion

Highway to Heaven Illusion

Highway to Heaven Illusion

This Highway to Heaven Illusion is located on Interstate 80 near Quealy Dome in southwestern Wyoming.

The Highway to Heaven Illusion occurs when drivers approach a steep uphill section of the highway that appears to blend into the horizon, creating the illusion that the road is rising into the sky. It’s popular attraction for tourists and locals alike and is often featured in photos and videos. Pretty cool!

Highway to Heaven Illusion


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What is the Highway to Heaven Illusion?

The Highway to Heaven Illusion, also known as the “Road to Heaven” illusion is located on Interstate 80 near Quealy Dome in southwestern Wyoming.

This optical illusion occurs when drivers approach a steep uphill section of the highway that appears to blend into the horizon, creating the illusion that the road is rising into the sky.

The Highway to Heaven Illusion is a popular attraction for tourists and locals alike and is often featured in photos and videos.

How does the Highway to Heaven Illusion work?

The Highway to Heaven Illusion on Interstate 80 in Wyoming is caused by a combination of factors related to the surrounding landscape and the geometry of the road.

At the location of the illusion, the highway climbs a steep grade as it approaches Quealy Dome, a rock formation in the distance. The angle of the grade and the shape of the terrain create a visual effect known as a “false horizon,” where the sky appears to blend seamlessly into the ground.

Additionally, the curving nature of the highway and the position of the observer can make it appear as if the road is climbing towards the sky, even though it is actually ascending a hill.

The illusion is most striking when the sky is clear and the lighting conditions are right, and it has become a popular spot for photographers and tourists who are intrigued by the unique optical effect.

Some Similar Illusions

The following are some illusions and effects like Highway to Heaven Illusion

  1. Fata Morgana: This is a complex optical illusion caused by the bending of light rays in the atmosphere. It can cause distant objects, such as land masses or ships at sea, to appear elongated, distorted, or floating in the air. Fata Morgana is often seen in polar regions and deserts.
  2. Mirage: A mirage is a type of optical illusion that occurs when light rays are refracted or bent due to temperature gradients in the air. Mirages can make distant objects, such as trees or buildings, appear to be closer or more elevated than they actually are. This effect is common in deserts, where the hot ground can create temperature gradients that cause the light to bend.
  3. Moon Illusion: This is a phenomenon where the moon appears larger when it is near the horizon than when it is high in the sky. The moon illusion is an optical illusion caused by the brain’s perception of distance and size.
  4. Haze: Haze is a type of atmospheric condition caused by the presence of small particles or pollutants in the air. Haze can cause distant objects to appear less sharp or clear, and can create a sense of depth or distance in landscape photography.


References and Resources

In addition to the Highway to Heaven Illusion, Check out our complete list of illusions.

A false horizon is an optical illusion that occurs when the appearance of the horizon line is affected by the surrounding terrain or environmental conditions. This can create the impression that the horizon is in a different location than it actually is.

One common cause of a false horizon is when a distant object or the sky blends seamlessly with the ground, creating the illusion that the horizon line is lower or higher than it actually is. This can be caused by a variety of factors such as atmospheric conditions, terrain features, and lighting.

In some cases, a false horizon can also be caused by the curvature of the Earth. The curvature of the planet can cause the horizon to appear slightly lower than it actually is, which can make objects in the distance appear to be floating or rising above the horizon line.

A false horizon can have an impact on navigation, particularly in situations where the visibility is poor or the terrain is unfamiliar. It is important for pilots, sailors, and other navigators to be aware of the potential for false horizons and to use multiple methods of navigation to ensure accurate positioning.

Native American or Inuit Illusion

Native American or Inuit Illusion

In this Native American or Inuit Illusion, do you see a Native American wearing a headdress and facing left or an Inuit wearing a fluffy coat, facing right, and entering an igloo?

This Native American or Inuit Illusion is an Ambiguous illusions which works by presenting our brains with a stimulus that can be interpreted in multiple ways. These illusions take advantage of the fact that our brains rely on past experiences, assumptions, and context to make sense of the sensory information that we receive.

If you are interested in learning more about Ambiguous Illusions and this this Native American or Inuit Illusion, scroll down to read more about it.

Native American or Inuit Illusion


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What is an Ambiguous Illusion- Native American or Inuit Illusion

This Native American or Inuit Illusion is an Ambiguous illusion.

An ambiguous illusion is a type of optical illusion that can be interpreted in more than one way. These illusions are called ambiguous because they present the viewer with a visual stimulus that can be perceived in different ways, depending on the viewer’s perspective and interpretation.

Ambiguous illusions are often created by presenting the viewer with a visual stimulus that is incomplete or ambiguous in some way. This can cause the viewer’s brain to fill in the gaps and make assumptions about what they are seeing, leading to different possible interpretations of the same image.

One well-known example of an ambiguous illusion is the “Necker cube,” which presents a cube that can be interpreted as either facing towards the viewer or away from the viewer, depending on how the brain chooses to interpret it. Another example is the “duck-rabbit” illusion, which presents an image that can be seen as either a duck or a rabbit, depending on the viewer’s perspective.

Ambiguous illusions are interesting because they demonstrate how our perception of the world around us is not always based on the sensory information we receive, but is also influenced by our past experiences, expectations, and assumptions.

The Native American or Inuit Illusion is an Ambiguous illusion.

How does an Ambiguous Illusion Work – Native American or Inuit Illusion

The Native American or Inuit Illusion is an Ambiguous illusion.

Ambiguous illusions work by presenting our brains with a stimulus that can be interpreted in multiple ways. These illusions take advantage of the fact that our brains rely on past experiences, assumptions, and context to make sense of the sensory information that we receive.

When presented with an ambiguous stimulus, our brains attempt to interpret it by filling in the gaps and making assumptions based on our past experiences and context. However, because the stimulus can be interpreted in multiple ways, different people may perceive it differently.

For example, the famous “Necker cube” illusion is an ambiguous illusion that can be seen as a cube that is facing towards the viewer or away from the viewer, depending on how the brain chooses to interpret it. Similarly, the “duck-rabbit” illusion can be seen as either a duck or a rabbit, depending on how the brain chooses to interpret it.

Ambiguous illusions can also be influenced by factors such as lighting, shadow, and color, which can further add to the complexity of the stimulus and make it even more challenging to interpret.

Some Similar Illusions

The Native American or Inuit Illusion is an Ambiguous illusion.

Here are some other examples of ambiguous illusions.

  1. The Rubin vase illusion – This illusion presents an image that can be seen as either a vase or two faces in profile, depending on how the brain chooses to interpret it.
  2. The Kanizsa triangle illusion – This illusion presents three Pac-Man-like shapes arranged to form a triangle, even though there is no physical triangle present in the image. The brain fills in the missing information to perceive the triangle.
  3. The Schröder staircase illusion – This illusion presents a staircase that can be seen as ascending or descending, depending on how the brain chooses to interpret it.
  4. The Penrose triangle illusion – This illusion presents a triangle that appears to be a 3D object, even though it cannot physically exist in three-dimensional space.
  5. The Blivet illusion – This illusion presents an object that appears to have three prongs at one end and two prongs at the other, even though it cannot physically exist in three-dimensional space.

These illusions, like the Necker cube and duck-rabbit illusion, work by presenting the brain with ambiguous stimuli that can be interpreted in different ways. They demonstrate how our perception is not just based on the sensory information we receive, but also on the assumptions and past experiences that our brains use to make sense of that information.

Discovery of Ambiguous Illusions

The Native American or Inuit Illusion is an Ambiguous illusion.

It is difficult to attribute the discovery of ambiguous illusions to a single individual because they have likely been observed and studied by humans for thousands of years. However, scientists and psychologists have been studying ambiguous illusions and their effects on human perception and cognition for over a century.

One of the earliest known ambiguous illusions is the “Old Woman/Young Woman” illusion, which was first published in a German magazine in 1888. This illusion presents an image that can be perceived as either an old woman or a young woman, depending on the viewer’s perspective.

In the early 20th century, psychologists such as Edgar Rubin, Josef Albers, and Max Wertheimer began to study ambiguous illusions and their relationship to perception and cognition. They conducted experiments and developed theories about how the brain processes and interprets visual information, laying the groundwork for further research in this field.

Today, ambiguous illusions continue to be studied and explored by researchers in fields such as neuroscience, psychology, and computer science. They are also popular among artists and designers, who use them to create optical illusions and play with viewers’ perceptions.


References and Resources – Native American or Inuit Illusion

In addition to the Native American or Inuit Illusion, check out our complete list of illusions.

Native American or Inuit Illusion

Gestalt Dalmatian

Gestalt Dalmatian

Can you spot the hidden Gestalt Dalmatian in this seemingly random collection of black and white splotches?

If you need help spotting it, you can see the answer revealed here – Gestalt Dalmatian revealed.

After you spot the Gestalt Dalmatian the first time, you’ll immediately spot it every time going forward due to the Gestalt concept known as “perceptual organization” which is where people automatically organize the elements of our experience into a meaningful and coherent wholes.

If you are interested in learning more about Gestalt and how the Gestalt Dalmatian works, scroll down to read more about it.

Gestalt Dalmatian


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What is Gestalt?

Gestalt is a German word that means “shape” or “form”. In psychology, gestalt refers to a theory of perception that emphasizes the importance of holistic, or “whole,” perception rather than the individual parts.

According to gestalt psychology, when we perceive something, we automatically organize the elements of our experience into a meaningful and coherent whole. This process is known as “perceptual organization.” Gestalt psychologists identified several principles that govern perceptual organization, including proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, and figure-ground.

Gestalt theory has been applied to many areas of psychology, including cognitive psychology, social psychology, and clinical psychology. It has also influenced many other fields, such as design, art, and architecture.

How does Gestalt Work?

The Gestalt principles, also known as the laws of perceptual organization, are a set of principles that describe how we organize sensory information into a meaningful whole. The Gestalt principles include:

  1. Law of Similarity: Objects that are similar in color, shape, size, or texture tend to be perceived as belonging together.
  2. Law of Proximity: Objects that are close to each other tend to be perceived as a group.
  3. Law of Closure: When presented with an incomplete image, our brain fills in the gaps to create a complete image.
  4. Law of Continuity: We tend to perceive objects as continuous and flowing, rather than as disconnected and fragmented.
  5. Law of Figure-Ground: We tend to separate objects into a foreground and background, or figure and ground.
  6. Law of Common Fate: Objects that move together tend to be perceived as belonging together.

These principles help explain how we organize the complex and varied sensory information we receive from the world around us into meaningful patterns and objects. They have been used in many areas of psychology and design, from visual perception and art to problem-solving and decision-making.

Some Similar Illusions to the Gestalt Dalmatian

There are many illusions that work because of Gestalt principles like the Gestalt Dalmatian. Here are a few examples:

  1. The Kanizsa Triangle: This is an illusion where three “Pac-Man” shapes are arranged to form a triangle, even though there is no actual triangle present. The brain fills in the gaps between the shapes to create the perception of a triangle.
  2. The Rubin Vase: This is an illusion where the same shape can be seen as either a vase or two faces looking at each other, depending on whether you focus on the black or white areas of the image. This illusion demonstrates the figure-ground principle, where the brain separates an image into a foreground and background.
  3. The Müller-Lyer Illusion: This is an illusion where two lines of equal length appear to be different lengths because of the presence of arrow-like shapes at the ends of the lines. This illusion demonstrates the role of context in perception, as the arrows cause the brain to perceive the lines as being different lengths.
  4. The Zöllner Illusion: This is an illusion where parallel lines appear to be at an angle to each other because of the presence of diagonal lines crossing over them. This illusion demonstrates the role of the principle of continuity, as the brain perceives the diagonal lines as continuing behind the parallel lines.

These illusions demonstrate how the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization can affect our perception of the world around us just like the Gestalt Dalmatian, and how our brain can be tricked into seeing things that aren’t actually there.

Discovery of Gestalt – Gestalt Dalmatian

The Gestalt psychology movement was founded by a group of German psychologists in the early 20th century, including Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka. They were interested in understanding how people perceive and make sense of the world around them, and they developed the gestalt principles as a way of explaining how our brains organize sensory information into meaningful patterns and objects.

Max Wertheimer is often considered the founder of Gestalt psychology. He conducted a series of experiments in the early 1900s that led to the development of the theory of perceptual organization. He was particularly interested in the phi phenomenon, which is the illusion of motion that occurs when two or more stationary stimuli are presented in rapid succession.

Wolfgang Köhler was another key figure in the development of Gestalt psychology. He conducted research on problem-solving in chimpanzees and proposed that insight, or sudden understanding of a problem, was a key component of problem-solving.

Kurt Koffka, who studied under Wertheimer, was another important figure in the Gestalt movement. He proposed that perception was not just a simple process of adding up sensory information, but rather a complex, active process that involved making sense of the whole of a sensory experience, not just the individual parts.

Gestalt Dalmatian Revealed

Here is where the location of the Gestalt Dalmatian is revealed.

Gestalt Dalmatian Revealed


References and Resources

In addition to the Gestalt Dalmatian, please check out our complete list of illusions.